On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, the largest land war in Europe since World War II. Putin announced a "special military operation" with stated goals of "demilitarization and denazification." Russian forces under Valery Gerasimov attacked from the north toward Kyiv, from the east into the Donbas, and from Crimea in the south. Ukrainian resistance under Zelensky forced Russian withdrawal from Kyiv within weeks. The invasion triggered Western sanctions coordinated by Biden, military aid to Ukraine, NATO expansion applications from Finland and Sweden, and displaced over eight million Ukrainians abroad.