Operation Deep Freeze

United States military operation initiated in 1955 to establish and resupply Antarctic research stations in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Led by Rear Admiral Richard Byrd and operationally commanded by Rear Admiral George Dufek, the mission constructed McMurdo Station, which became the primary American logistics hub on the continent. The U.S. Navy deployed icebreakers, cargo vessels, and aircraft to transport personnel and materials across the Southern Ocean. Operation Deep Freeze continued as the logistical framework for U.S. Antarctic research programs.