Ibn Rushd Critiques Ptolemaic Epicycles

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) critiqued Ptolemy's astronomical system in his works 'Mukhtasar al-majisti' and 'Kitab fi-harakat al-falak' around 1190 CE in Cordoba and Marrakesh. He challenged epicycles and eccentrics as violations of Aristotelian principles requiring uniform circular motion around Earth. His criticism formed part of the broader Andalusian revolt against Ptolemy and contributed to medieval debates about reconciling mathematical astronomy with natural philosophy, influencing later developments in astronomical thought.