Beginning on March 25, 1821, Greek revolutionaries rose against nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule. The secret society Filiki Eteria had organized the uprising, driven by Enlightenment ideals and a resurgence of Greek national identity. After initial gains stalled and Egyptian forces intervened on behalf of the Ottomans, Britain, France, and Russia destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827. The 1830 London Protocol recognized Greece as an independent kingdom.