Constitution of Medina

Drafted circa 622 CE following the Prophet Muhammad's emigration to Medina, this document established a political federation among the eight Medinan tribes, Muslim emigrants from Mecca, and Jewish communities. It defined mutual rights and obligations, stipulated collective defense arrangements, and recognized each group's right to practice its own religion. Scholars consider it among the earliest written constitutional frameworks, though debates persist regarding whether it represents a negotiated agreement or a unilateral declaration.